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Chapter 5 . Getting on the Internet 191 4. Click Forward. The Select Provider window appears. Enter the following provider information: Internet Provider If you are using Internet service in any of the countries shown in the Internet Provider window, select the plus sign next to that country name. If your Internet service provider appears in the National list, select it. Information is automatically filled in for that provider. Otherwise, you need to fill in the rest of the dialog window. Phone Number The telephone number of the ISP you want to dial in to. (An optional prefix is available in case you need to dial 9 or some other number to get an outside dial tone.) Provider Name The name of the Internet service provider. If there is only one ISP, I recommend you use as the ppp0 provider name. Login Name The login name assigned to you by the ISP. The ISP may have called the login name a login ID or something similar. Password The password associated with the login name. 5. Click Forward, and the IP Settings window appears. With a dial-up connection, you would typically select Automatically Obtain IP Address Settings. However, if the ISP has assigned a static IP address that you can use, select the Statically Set IP Addresses check box, and then enter your IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway address in the appropriate fields. Click Forward to continue. 6. The Create Dialup Connection window appears, displaying the information you just entered. If all the information looks correct, click Apply (otherwise, click the Back button, correct your information, and click Forward again to return to this window.). 7. After you click Apply, the Network Configuration window appears, ideally with a new PPP connection of modem type appearing in the window. (If it doesn t appear, select System Settings.Network.) 8. Select the new dial-up entry (so it is highlighted), and choose File.Save to save its dial-up new configuration. Now select the PPP device name and click the Activate button. The Internet dialer starts up and dials your ISP. (If you have sound turned on, you should hear your modem dialing out.) If everything is working properly, your login and password are accepted and the PPP connection completed. Try opening Mozilla Firefox or another Web browser to see if you can access a Web site on the Internet. If this doesn t work the first time, don t be discouraged. There are things to check to get your dial-up PPP connection working. Skip ahead to the Checking Your PPP Connection section.
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190 Part II . Running the Show Figure 5-7: The Internet Configuration Wizard helps you set up a PPP Internet connection. 3. Select the following modem properties: Modem Device If the modem is connected to your first serial port (COM1) you can select /dev/ttyS0; for the second serial port (COM2) choose /dev/ttyS1. (By convention, the device is often linked to /dev/modem. Type ls l /dev/modem to see if it is linked to /dev/ttyS0, /dev/ttyS1 or another tty device.) Baud Rate The rate at which the computer talks to the modem (which is typically considerably faster than the modem can talk over the phone lines). The default is 115200 bits per second, which is probably fine for dial-up connections. Flow Control Check the modem documentation to see if the modem supports hardware flow control (CRTSCTS). If it doesn t, select software flow control (XON/XOFF). Flow control prevents more data than the modem can handle from being sent to it. Modem Volume This is off by default because the noise can be annoying, but if you select medium while you re setting up the modem, the sound can give you a sense of where things are stopping if you can t get a connection. You can turn it off after everything s working. Use Touch Tone Dialing Leave this check box selected in most cases. If for some reason your phone system doesn t support touch-tone dialing, you can turn it off.
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Chapter 5 . Getting on the Internet 189 After you ve gathered this information, you re ready to set up your connection to the Internet. To configure Linux to connect to your ISP, read on. Setting Up Dial-Up PPP PPP is used to create IP connections over serial lines. Most often, the serial connection is established over a modem; however, it also works over serial cables (null modem cables) or digital lines (including ISDN and DSL). Although one side must dial out and the other side must receive the call to create the PPP connection over a modem, after the connection is established, information can flow in both directions. For the sake of clarity, however, I refer to the computer placing the call as the client and the computer receiving the call as the server. To simplify the process of configuring PPP (and other network interfaces), most Linux systems include graphical tools to configure dial-up. Two such tools are: . Internet Configuration Wizard Many Linux systems come with wizards that step you through setting up dial-up connections. For example, from the main desktop menu in Fedora and RHEL systems, choose Applications. System Tools.Internet Configuration Wizard. The Select Device Type window that appears enables you to configure and test your dial-up PPP connection. . KDE PPP (KPPP) Window From the KDE desktop, select Internet.KPPP, or from a Terminal window run the kppp command. From the KPPP window you can set up and launch a PPP dial-up connection. Before you begin either of these procedures, physically connect your modem to your computer, plug it in, and connect it to your telephone line. If you have an internal modem, you will probably see a telephone port on the back of your computer to which you need to connect. If your modem isn t detected, you can reboot your computer or run wvdialconf create (as described later in this chapter) to have it detected. Creating a Dial-Up Connection with the Internet Configuration Wizard If you are using a Fedora or RHEL system, you could use the Internet Configuration Wizard to set up dial-up networking. Here s how: 1. Choose Applications.System Tools.Internet Configuration Wizard from the main menu. (Type the root password, if prompted.) A Select Device Type window appears (see Figure 5-7). 2. Select Modem connection and click Forward. The wizard searches for a modem and then the Select Modem window appears.
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188 Part II . Running the Show Getting Information To establish a PPP connection, you need to get some information from the administrator of the network to which you are connecting. This is either your Internet service provider (ISP) when you sign up for Internet service, or the person in your workplace who walks around carrying cables, two or more cellular phones, and a couple of beepers (when a network goes down, these people are in demand!). Here is the kind of information you need to set up your PPP connection: . Telephone number Gives you access to the modem (or pool of modems) at the ISP. If it is a national ISP, make sure that you get a local or toll-free telephone number (otherwise, you ll rack up long-distance fees on top of your ISP fees). . Account name and password Used to verify that you have an Internet account with the ISP. This is an account name when you connect to Linux or other UNIX system, but may be referred to as a system name when you connect to an NT server. . An IP number Most ISPs use Dynamic IP numbers, which means that you are assigned an IP number temporarily when you are connected. Your ISP assigns a permanent IP number if it uses Static IP addresses. If your computer or all the computers on your LAN need to have a more permanent presence on the network, you may be given one Static IP number or a set of Static IP addresses to use. . DNS Server IP addresses Your computer translates Internet host names to IP addresses by querying a domain name system (DNS) server. Your ISP should give you at least one IP address for a preferred (and possibly alternate) DNS server. . PAP or CHAP secrets You may need a PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) ID or CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) ID and a secret, instead of a username and password when connecting to a Windows NT system. These features are used with authentication on Microsoft and some other operating systems. Linux and other UNIX servers don t typically use this type of authentication, although they support PAP and CHAP on the client side. Your ISP will tell you if you are using PAP or CHAP. Your ISP typically provides services such as news and mail servers for use with your Internet connection. To configure these useful services, you need the following information: . Mail server If your ISP is providing you with an e-mail account, you must know the address of the mail server, the type of mail service (such as POP3 Post Office Protocol; or IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol), and the authentication password for the mail server so you can get your e-mail. . News server If your ISP provides the name of a news server so that you can participate in newsgroups, the server may require you to log on, so you need a password. The ISP provides that password, if required.
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Chapter 5 . Getting on the Internet 187 5. If you are able to reach an IP address on your LAN with ping, but are unable to ping a host computer by name, you may not be communicating with your DNS server. Repeat the ping command with the IP address of your DNS server to see if it is up and that you are able to communicate with it. 6. Check your DHCP information. If you obtained your IP address from a DHCP server, chances are your DHCP server fed your computer other information it needed to use the network as well. Look for a file that contains information about your DHCP lease. The lease includes information about the address that has been assigned to you, as well as how long you can keep it. In Fedora, lease information is held in the /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient-eth0.leases file. Here s an example of information from that file: lease { interface eth0 ; fixed-address 10.0.0.204; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option routers 10.0.0.1; option dhcp-lease-time 21600; option dhcp-message-type 5; option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.2; option domain-name-servers 10.0.0.3; option dhcp-server-identifier 10.0.0.5; option domain-name linuxtrouble.com ; renew 3 2005/7/21 01:23:06; rebind 3 2005/7/21 04:22:48; expire 3 2005/7/21 05:07:48; } Here you can see that the IP address assigned to the machine is 10.0.0.204, with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. The machine acting as the router to the Internet (also called the gateway) is 10.0.0.1. The DNS servers are 10.0.0.2 and 10.0.0.3 (you can ping those numbers to see if you can reach your DNS servers). Using Dial-up Connections to the Internet Many individuals and even some small businesses that need to connect to the Internet still do so using modems and telephone lines. The modem connects to a serial port (COM1, COM2, and so on) on your computer and then into a telephone jack. Your computer dials a modem at your Internet service provider or business that has a connection to the Internet. The most common protocol for making dial-up connections to the Internet (or other TCP/IP network) is Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Let s look at how to use PPP to connect to the Internet. See Chapter 9 for information on configuring a dial-up connection that is specific to Debian. Cross- Reference
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186 Part II . Running the Show lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:37435 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:37435 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 RX bytes:2353172 (2.2 Mb) TX bytes:2353172 (2.2 Mb) The output shows a loopback interface (lo) and one Ethernet card (eth0). The Ethernet interface (eth0), is assigned the IP address of 10.0.0.5. In this example, the eth0 has an IP address of 10.0.0.5. 4. Communicate with another computer on the LAN. The ping command can be used to send a packet to another computer and to ask for a packet in return. You can give ping either a host name (pine) or an IP address (10.0.0.10). For example, to ping a computer on the network called pine, type the following command: # ping pine If the computer can be reached, the output will look similar to the following: PING pine (10.0.0.10): 56(84) data bytes 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.351 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.445 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.409 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.457 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.401 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=6 ttl=255 time=0.405 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=7 ttl=255 time=0.443 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=8 ttl=255 time=0.384 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=9 ttl=255 time=0.365 ms 64 bytes from pine (10.0.0.10): icmp_seq=10 ttl=255 time=0.367 ms — pine ping statistics — 10 packets transmitted, 10 packets received, 0% packet loss, time 9011ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.351/0.402/0.457/0.042 ms A line of output is printed each time a packet is sent and received in return. It shows how much data was sent and how long it took for each package to be received. Watch this for a while, and then press Ctrl+C to stop ping; you ll see statistics on how many packets were transmitted, received, and lost. If the output doesn t show that packets have been received, there s no contact with the other computer. Verify that the names and addresses of the computers that you want to reach are in your /etc/hosts file or that your DNS server is accessible. Next, confirm that the names and IP addresses you have for the other computers you are trying to reach are correct (the IP addresses are the most critical).
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Chapter 5 . Getting on the Internet 185 10. Click File.Save to save the changes. 11. Click File.Quit to exit. Now, when you use programs such as ftp, ssh, or other TCP/IP utilities, you can use any host name that is identified on your local computer, exists in your search path domain, or can be resolved from the public Internet DNS servers. (Strictly speaking, you don t have to set up your /etc/hosts file. You could use IP addresses as arguments to TCP/IP commands. But names are easier to work with.) Understanding Your Internet Connection If your Ethernet interface to the Internet is not working, there are ways to check what s happening that will work on many Linux distributions. Use the following procedure to find out how your network interfaces are working: 1. Open a shell (if you are using a graphical interface, open a Terminal window). 2. Type the following right after you boot your computer to verify whether Linux found your card and installed the Ethernet interface properly: dmesg | grep eth | less The dmesg command lists all the messages that were output by Linux at boot time. The grep eth command causes only those lines that contain the word eth to be printed. Here are a couple of examples: eth0: NE2000 Compatible: port 0×300, irq3, hw_addr 00:80:C8:8C:8E:49 eth0: OEM i82557/i82558 10/100 Ethernet at 0xccc0, 00:90:27:4E:67:35, IRQ 17. The first message appeared on my laptop computer with the Netgear card. It shows that a card was found at IRQ3 with a port address of 0×300 and an Ethernet hardware address of 00:80:C8:8C:8E:49. The second example is from my computer with the EtherExpress Pro/100 card. In it, the card is at IRQ 17, the port address is 0xccc0, and the Ethernet address is 00:90:27:4E:67:35. If the eth0 interface is not found, but you know that you have a supported Ethernet card, type lspci -vv | grep -i eth to see if the Ethernet card is detected on the PCI bus. If it doesn t appear, check that your Ethernet card is properly seated in its slot. 3. To view which network interfaces are up and running, type the following: $ /sbin/ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:D0:B7:66:9A:46 inet addr:10.0.0.5 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:326100 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:215931 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:5919 RX bytes:168378315 (160.5 Mb) TX bytes:40853243 (38.9 Mb) Note
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184 Part II . Running the Show If you are configuring a DNS server, you can use that server to centrally store names and IP addresses for your LAN. This saves you the trouble of updating every computer s /etc/hosts file every time you add or change a computer on your LAN. To add host names, IP addresses, search paths, and DNS servers: 1. Start the Network Configuration. As root user from a Terminal window, type system-config-network or from the red hat menu, click System Settings. Network. The Network Configuration window appears. 2. Click the Hosts tab. A list of IP addresses, host names, and aliases appears. 3. Click New. A pop-up window (see Figure 5-6) appears. Figure 5-6: Add an IP address, host name, and alias. 4. Type in the IP address number, host name, and, optionally, the host alias. 5. Click OK. 6. Repeat this process until you have added every computer on your LAN that cannot be reached by DNS. 7. Click the DNS tab. 8. Type the IP address of the computers that serve as your Primary and Secondary DNS servers. (You get these IP addresses from your ISP or, if you created your own DNS server, you can enter that server s IP address.) 9. Type the name of the domain (probably the name of your local domain) to be searched for host names into the DNS Search Path box. Note
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Chapter 5 . Getting on the Internet 183 name (such as jukebox) or a fully qualified domain name (such as jukebox.linuxtoys.net). Statically set IP addresses If there is no DHCP or other boot server on your LAN, add necessary IP address information statically by selecting this option and following these steps: a. Type the IP address of the computer into the Address box. This number must be unique on your network. For your private LAN, you can use private IP addresses. b. Enter the netmask (described later in this chapter) in the Subnet Mask box. The netmask indicates the part of the IP address that represents the network. c. Type the IP address of the computer into the Default Gateway Address box if a computer or router connected to your LAN provides routing functions to the Internet or other network. (Chapter 18 describes how to use NAT or IP Masquerading and how to use Linux as a router.) 6. Click OK in the Ethernet Device window to save the configuration and close the window. 7. Click File.Save to save the information you entered. 8. Click Activate in the Network Configuration window to start your connection to the LAN. Identifying Other Computers (Hosts and DNS) Each time you use a name to identify a computer, such as when browsing the Web or using an e-mail address, the computer name must be translated into an IP address. To resolve names to IP addresses, Linux goes through a search order (usually based on the contents of three files in /etc: resolv.conf, nsswitch.conf, and host.conf). By default, it checks host names you add yourself (which end up in the /etc/hosts file), hosts available via NIS, and host names available via DNS. Again, for RHEL and Fedora systems, you can use the Network Configuration window to add: . Host names You might do this to identify hosts on your LAN that are not configured on a DNS server. . DNS search path By adding domain names to a search path (such as linuxtoys.net), you can browse to a site by its host name (such as jukebox), and have Linux search the domains you added to the search path to find the host you are looking for (such as jukebox.linuxtoys.net). . DNS name servers A DNS server can resolve addresses for the domains it serves and contact other DNS servers to get addresses for all other DNS domains.
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182 Part II . Running the Show Here s how to define the IP address for your Ethernet interface in Fedora or RHEL: 1. From the red hat menu, choose Desktop.System Settings.Network or, as root user from a Terminal window, type system-config-network. (If prompted, type the root password.) The Network Configuration window appears. 2. Click the Devices tab. A listing of your existing network interfaces appears. 3. Double-click the eth0 interface (representing your first Ethernet card). A popup window titled Ethernet Device appears (see Figure 5-5), enabling you to configure your eth0 interface. Figure 5-5: Configure and activate Ethernet devices in Fedora. 4. Select your preferences: Activate device when computer starts Check here to have eth0 start at boot time. Allow all users to enable and disable the device Check to let nonroot users enable and disable the network interface. Enable IPv6 configuration for this interface Check here if you are connected to an IPV6 network. (Most networks are still IPV4.) 5. You also must choose whether to get your IP addresses from another computer at boot time or enter the addresses yourself: Automatically obtain IP address settings with Select this box if you have a DHCP or BOOTP server on the network from which you can obtain your computer s IP address, netmask, and gateway. DHCP is recommended if you have more than just a couple of computers on your LAN. Optionally, you can set your own host name, which can be just a
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