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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 327 Despite Novell s huge lead in the network computing market, file and printer sharing features in Windows and late entry into the TCP/IP (Internet) arena caused Novell to lose its market dominance in the 1990s. Although its NetWare products contained excellent features for directory services and managing network resources, Novell didn t have end-to-end computing solutions. NetWare relied on Windows for client computers and lacked high-end server products. Novell s association with the UNIX operating system in the early 1990s makes an interesting footnote in the history of Linux. Novell purchased UNIX System V source code from AT&T and set out to make its resulting UNIXWare product (a UNIX desktop product for x86 processors) a competitor to Microsoft s growing dominance on the desktop. The effort was half-hearted, and in the mid-1990s Novell gave the UNIX trademark to the Open Group and sold the UNIX source code to SCO. Novell s purchase of SUSE marks its second major attempt to fill in its product line with a UNIX-like desktop and server product. From the early returns, it appears that Novell is doing a better job with Linux than it did with UNIX. What s in SUSE Unlike distributions geared toward more technical users, such as Gentoo and Slackware, you can configure and launch most major features of SUSE Linux by selecting menus on the desktop. New Linux users should find SUSE to be very comfortable for daily use and basic administration. Like Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE is made to have a more cohesive look-and-feel than most Linux distributions that are geared toward Linux enthusiasts. In other words, you aren t required to put together a lot of SUSE by hand just to get it working. Although SUSE is ultimately aimed more toward enterprise computing, it also works well as a home desktop system. Let s explore what OpenSUSE and SUSE Linux offers you. Installation and Configuration with YaST A set of modules that can be used to configure your SUSE system is gathered together under the YaST facility. Because many of the features needed in a Linux installer are also needed to configure a running system (network, security, software, and other setup features), YaST does double duty as an installer and an administrative tool.
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326 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution This chapter describes the features and approach to Linux that sets SUSE apart from other Linux distributions. It also explains how to install the OpenSUSE Linux 10.0 distribution that is included with this book. The current versions of OpenSUSE and SUSE Linux (10.0) feature the YaST installer, KDE 3.4.2 desktop environment (default), GNOME 2.12, Firefox 1.0, GIMP 2.2, Apache 2.0.53, MySQL 4.1.10, and OpenOffice.org 2.0. All SUSE Linux 10.0 packages are listed at this URL: www.novell.com/products/linuxpackages/professional/index_all.html With the split between SUSE and OpenSUSE, Linux product names from Novell have changed significantly in the past year. Most significantly, what was previously called SUSE Professional Linux is now simply called SUSE Linux. The OpenSUSE version of SUSE Linux 10.0 is sometimes called SUSE 10.0 OSS. Understanding SUSE If you are looking for a Linux system with the stability and support on which you can bet your business, SUSE offers impressive, stable Linux products backed by a company (Novell, Inc.) that has been selling enterprise solutions for a long time. SUSE s product offerings range from personal desktop systems to enterprise-quality servers. SUSE began as a German version of Slackware in 1992, on 40 floppy disks, and was first officially released on CD (SUSE Linux 1.0) in 1994. Founded by Hubert Mantel, Burchard Steinbild, Roland Dyroff, and Thomas Fehr, SUSE set out as a separate distribution from Slackware to enhance the software in the areas of installation and administration. Although SUSE had success and respect with its Linux distribution, it was not profitable, and Novell s $210 million offer for SUSE was seen as a good thing both for SUSE and for Linux in general. SUSE was running short on cash, and Novell was looking for a way to regain its stature as a growth company in the enterprise and network-computing arena. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Novell was the world s number-one computer networking company. Before the Internet took hold, Novell s NetWare servers and IPX/SPX protocols were the most popular ways to connect PCs together on LANs. International training, support, and sales teams brought Novell products to businesses and organizations around the world. Note
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Running SUSE Linux For the past few years, SUSE has been the most popular Linux distribution in Europe. Since the U.S. networking company Novell, Inc. purchased SUSE in November 2003, SUSE has been positioning itself to challenge Red Hat to become the dominant Linux distribution for large enterprise computing environments worldwide. The DVD that comes with this book contains CD images of OpenSUSE Linux 10.0. You can burn those images to CD as described in Appendix A and install them as described later in this chapter. Like Red Hat Linux, SUSE is an excellent first Linux for people who prefer to work from a graphical desktop rather than from the command line. Likewise, Novell s Linux product line is geared toward enterprise computing, so the skills you gain using SUSE on your home Linux system will be useful in a business environment as well. SUSE has a slick graphical installer that leads you through installation and intuitive administrative tools, consolidated under a facility called YaST. SUSE and its parent company Novell offer a range of Linux products and support plans that scale up to enterprise computing, as well as free, binary versions of SUSE that you can use with limited support. In 2005, Novell refocused its development efforts to do as Red Hat does with its Red Hat Enterprise Linux product and Fedora project: Novell formed the OpenSUSE project that, like the Fedora project, produces a free community-driven Linux system that feed into Novell s for-profit Linux systems. Unlike Fedora and RHEL, however, OpenSUSE and SUSE are, so far, following the same release numbers. They are differentiated by the fact that OpenSUSE offers no official Novell support and SUSE may contain some non-open source software. On the DVD-ROM 1C H A0P0T E R . . . . In This Chapter Understanding SUSE What s in SUSE Getting support for SUSE Installing SUSE . . . .
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 323 Summary The reliability of Debian GNU/Linux, combined with the large number of high-quality packages available for it, make Debian a great choice for both workstations and servers. The carefully executed releases and the capability to upgrade most software without rebooting serve to further increase its suitability as a server operating system. APT is a primary tool for installing, removing, and upgrading packages. This chapter explored how to use the apt-get and apt-cache utilities for package management. The chapter also covered the installation of package sets (tasks) using the tasksel utility and managing package configuration with the dpkg-reconfigure utility. . . .
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322 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution This sets the owner and group of /usr/bin/wall to root and root and disables all permissions on the file. You can find more information about file permissions in the Understanding File Permissions section of Chapter 2. Unlike dpkg-divert, dpkg-statoverride does not keep track of the original file permissions. As a result, removing an override does not restore the old permissions. After removing the override, you need to either set the permissions manually or reinstall the package that contained the file: # dpkg-statoverride –remove /usr/bin/wall # apt-get –reinstall install bsdutils Reading Package Lists… Done Building Dependency Tree… Done 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 0B/62.5kB of archives. After unpacking 0B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n]Y (Reading database … 16542 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace bsdutils 1:2.12-10 (using …/bsdutils_1%3a2.12- 10_i386.deb) … Unpacking replacement bsdutils … Setting up bsdutils (2.12-10) … Managing Package Configuration with debconf All packages that include support for configuration management through debconf are configured as they are being installed. If you want to change a configuration option later, you can do so using the dpkg-reconfigure utility. For instance, you can change the configuration options for ssh using the following command: # dpkg-reconfigure ssh Every configuration parameter is assigned a priority by the package maintainer. This allows debconf to select the default values for settings below a specific priority. By default, you will be prompted to answer questions of only medium, high, or critical priority; low-priority questions are answered automatically. You can change this by reconfiguring the debconf package: # dpkg-reconfigure debconf Advanced users maintaining multiple systems may want to create a database of configuration settings that can be distributed to every computer (or to sets of computers) to reduce the number of repeated steps. This process is documented in the debconf and debconf.conf man pages. Note Note
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 321 The system administrator can designate which program is referenced in the alternatives database through the use of the update-alternatives command: # update-alternatives –config editor These are alternatives that provide editor . Selection Alternative ———————————————– 1 /bin/ed *+ 2 /bin/nano 3 /usr/bin/nvi Press enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number: 2 You can also use the –all command with update-alternatives to configure every entry in the alternatives database, one at a time. You can find more details by typing the following: man update-alternatives By default, all alternatives are in automatic mode, meaning that the system automatically selects a suitable program from the available candidates. Installing a new candidate program generally results in the automatic updating of the appropriate alternatives. Manually configuring an alternative disables automatic mode, preventing the system from changing these settings without prior knowledge of the system administrator. The Debian package management tools also provide a mechanism for renaming specific files in a package and for overriding the ownership and permission settings on files. Unlike when these changes are made manually, using mv, chmod, or chown, changes made through the Debian tools remain in place across package upgrades and re-installations. For example, if you want to replace /usr/bin/users without modifying the coreutils package, you can divert it to /usr/bin/users.distrib: # dpkg-divert –local –rename –add /usr/bin/users Adding `local diversion of /usr/bin/users to /usr/bin/users.distrib Removing the diversion returns the original filename: # dpkg-divert –remove /usr/bin/users Removing `local diversion of /usr/bin/users to /usr/bin/users.distrib Stat overrides are useful when you want to disable access to a program, or when you want to make it set-UID. For instance, to disable access to the wall program, type the following: # dpkg-statoverride –update –add root root 0000 /usr/bin/wall Note
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320 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution The following –contents option lets you see the full contents of the package you choose as if you were listing the contents with an ls -l command. You can see the name and path to each file, its permission settings and file/group ownership: $ dpkg –contents lsof_4.71-1_i386.deb drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2004-04-03 07:34:41 ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2004-04-03 07:34:36 ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2004-04-03 07:34:39 ./usr/bin/ … Installing Package Sets (Tasks) with Tasksel Some package sets are too large to be managed practically through meta packages, so tasks have been created as an alternative. Tasks are installed and removed using the tasksel utility. When run without any arguments, tasksel presents a menu from which you can select tasks to install or remove. Do not install any tasks if you plan to use this system in conjunction with the server examples in Chapters 24 and 25. Additional options are available from the command line: . To see a list of known tasks, run tasksel –list-tasks. . To list the packages that are installed by a task, run tasksel –task-packages . When a task is removed, all programs associated with that task, whether installed manually or as part of that task, are removed! An example of a popular task to install is the desktop task. The desktop task installs three complete desktop environments based on the X Window System: GNOME, KDE, and XFCE environments. Note that this task will take a long time to download and install and requires several gigabytes of disk space to complete. To start the desktop task, run the following: # tasksel install desktop Alternatives, Diversions, and Stat Overrides In cases where there is more than one installed program that provides a specific function, package maintainers have the option of utilizing Debian s alternatives system. The alternatives system manages which program is executed when you run a specific command. For instance, the ed, nano, and nvi packages each provide a text editor. An alternative maintained in the system guarantees that a text editor is accessible through the generic editor command, regardless of which combination of these packages is installed. Caution Caution
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 319 The quotes are used to prevent the shell from replacing the wildcard with a list of matching files in the current directory. For more information about wildcards, see Chapter 2 or type man 7 glob to see a list of wildcards. To view detailed information about a specific package, use the -s or –status command: $ dpkg –status lsof Package: lsof Status: install ok installed Priority: standard Section: utils … The origin package for a file can be determined using the -S or –search command: $ dpkg –search /bin/ls coreutils: /bin/ls The list of files in an installed package can be viewed using the -L or –listfiles command: $ dpkg –listfiles lsof /. /usr /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/bin/lsof … Examining a Package File Package files can be examined before installing them using either the –info (-I) or the –contents (-c) command. These options can be used on packages in a local directory, as opposed to using them to examine packages on a remote server. The following –info option shows the lsof package name, version information, and sizes of different parts of the package. Beyond that (although shortened here for space considerations) you would be able to see a list of packages lsof depends on and descriptive information about the package. $ dpkg –info lsof_4.71-1_i386.deb new debian package, version 2.0. size 319058 bytes: control archive= 1534 bytes. 557 bytes, 16 lines control 2246 bytes, 32 lines md5sums Package: lsof Version: 4.71-1 … Note
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318 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Package Management Using dpkg As mentioned earlier, the dpkg utility is the core package management tool in Debian. Most other package management tools within the system, including APT, use dpkg to perform the midlevel work, and dpkg in turn uses dpkg-deb and dpkg-query to handle a number of the low-level functions. In most cases, you will want to use APT or Aptitude for package management, and use dpkg in only a few situations. Far too many commands associated with dpkg exist to list in this chapter, but the most common ones are explained in the following sections. In most cases, there are both short and long commands to perform the same function. Use whichever is easier for you to remember. Installing and Removing Packages Packages can be installed with dpkg using the -i or –install flags and the path to the .deb file containing the package. The path must be accessible as a file system path (HTTP, FTP, and other methods are not supported), and more than one package can be specified: # dpkg –install /home/wayne/lsof_4.71-1_i386.deb Package removal through dpkg is also straightforward and is done with the -r or –remove commands. When configuration files are to be removed, the -P or –purge command can be used instead. Both commands can also be used to specify multiple packages to remove: # dpkg –remove lsof or… # dpkg –purge lsof Querying the Package Database You will often need to obtain more information about packages that are already installed on your system. Because these operations do not modify the package database, they can be done as a non-root user. To list all packages known to dpkg, use the -l or –list commands: $ dpkg –list You can restrict the list by specifying a glob pattern: $ dpkg –list *lsof*
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 317 On this command, APT retrieves and installs the ssh package. If additional packages are required, a list of those packages is displayed by APT. If you choose to continue, APT will download and install those packages along with the package you requested. When installing packages that support automatic configuration through debconf, you re prompted to answer the appropriate configuration questions. While the Debian package developers have gone to great lengths to ensure that the default options for these questions will work in most situations, it s best to read the questions thoroughly to be sure that the defaults work for you. Removing Packages APT can also be used to remove packages from your system. Unlike dpkg, which removes only the package you tell it to remove, apt-get also removes any packages that depend on the package you are removing. This is best used in conjunction with the -s option to simulate what would happen if the removal were actually performed: # apt-get -s remove python2.3 Reading Package Lists… Done Building Dependency Tree… Done The following packages will be REMOVED: bittornado python python2.3 python2.3-dev 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Remv pytris (0.96 Debian:testing) Remv python (2.3.4-1 Debian:testing) Remv python2.3-dev (2.3.4-5 Debian:testing) Remv python2.3 (2.3.4-5 Debian:testing) In this example, several other packages depend on the python2.3 package and also need to be removed. To proceed with removing python2.3 and all packages that depend on it, run the command again without the -s flag. Upgrading Your System As new versions of packages become available, you can instruct APT to download and install them, automatically replacing the older versions. This is as simple as updating your package list, followed by a simple command: # apt-get upgrade When upgrading to a newer distribution, use dist-upgrade instead of upgrade. This changes the rules that APT uses when deciding which actions to take, making it expect major changes in dependencies and handle them appropriately. Note Note
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